a model invented by N.T Wright english anglican bishop:
act1. creation
act2: fall (betrayal)
act3:israel
end of OT
act4: Jesus
act5: early church is simply scene1 of act5, the last scene is revelation..we are in the middle of scenes of act5
we are improving the final scenes of the final act
church history is all about God and His people
in church history we can learn:
learn from mistakes of the past
learn from the good
understand the present
appreciate the past
encouragement from triumphs
plan future directions
braoden understanding of people
Q: WHAT CAN WE KEEP AND WHAT CAN WE RECOGNIZE WAS ONLY SUITABLE FOR THAME?
Should church have power over the state?
timeline
creation->the fall (betrayal) -> noah -> abraham-> moses -> Joshua -> david -> exile (northern kingdom by assyria; southern kingdom by Babylon) -> persia -> greeks (alxander the great, split into Ptolemy and selueids; the greek culture , religion and language spread) -> Ptolemy appointed the high priest and it became a polotical thing instead of a spiritual thing from a family line -> heavey persecution (forced to eat pig, banned circumcision, scriptures, worship ects ) -> revolt by Maccadeus -> Hannukah and freedom established ( Pharisees and saducees who only concerned with political power) -> Romans ->Jesus
the mindset of Zealot who was inspired by Maccabes hero: if we overthrow Rome, God will come
the mindset of Pharisees : if we are holy enough, God will come
we are christian before we are part of a political party
Jesus founded the church but he did not organize it
Jesus only mentioned the church 3 times in gospels
early christians saw church as a servant of kingdom in a temporal world
early church service: breaking bread, apostles teaching, fellowship, prayer
some things were situational such as having to meet in homes
Background in Judaism
Jesus was a Jew - came as a "king of the jews"
His disciples were Jewish
Ministry was largely but not solely Jewish
Jews were apostles' first target with the Gospel
- Jews as target audience
Christians attended Jewish synagogues
68AD - Jewish revolt against the romans: destruction of the temple.
Christians did not fight with Jews; fled.
Re-organisation of Jewish life around the law.
Christianity moved to other cities.
Curses upon heretics added to Jewish liturgies
• Early church – players, environment, debates
o Players: Peter, Paul, John (Apostles), they died, all martyred except John
o Debates: circumcision, keeping the Law, Food allowed to eat, New Testament Canon because of heresies,
o Environment: Persecution, they met in people’s house, there was persecution because they didn’t go to festival, anti-social, thought to be incestuous, cannibals (drink the blood of Jesus, ate his body), Didn’t see Caesar as Lord, problem for the economy, persecuted by Jews because they were trying to change the Law. Anti-family, one wife. (Atheist, worshipped a God that doesn’t have an image)
o Heresy (debate): How and why did it began? Appeared after the apostle’s had died, people’s didn’t get the accurate definition of the gospel. i.e. Gnosticism( secret knowledge)
o Anything good came out of the heresy period? Yes, orthodoxy (Right beliefs) and the Canon. Also, questions and writings about Christ and the trinity.
the conversion of Constantine:
built numerous cathedrals
reimbursed church for damages
invited clergy to dine with him
sought to bring people into the church
active in church affairs
exempted clergy from taxation
called first ecumenical council-Nicea325
went from persecution -> toleration -> freedom -> obligation (under another emporer)
heresies; internal and external
internal heresies:
1. legalistic heresies( no salvation without circumcision);
2. philosophical heresies:
1)Gnosticism, from greek philosophy, matter is evil/spirit is good. Jesus only appeared to have a physical form, was more of a phantom. salvation is by secret knowledge gnosis. Gnostics produced gospels, considered heretical, did not meet criteria for canonicity ie. not written in the first century
2)Marcionism: child of satan, hated judaism and the OT and the God of the OT; believed God sent Jesus to deliver us from evil creation; setup his own criteria for scripture and church; got rid of OT and just used Luke and 10 of paul's letters; helped to cause the church to develope its canon
3. theological heresies:
1) Montanism: believed he was the spokesperson of the holy spirit / paraclete
2) Monarchianism: rejection of God as 3 personalities, jesus was man by righteous living
3) Sabelliunism: similar to above, there is one God who can manifest as one of three at any one time. one God, three masks
So... We have...
Council of Nicaea 325, presided over by constantine
apostles creed in the 2nd century
result of early heresises produced canon, according to certain criteria:
1. universal and consistently used by church
2. quoted by early fathers
3. of apostolic origin
4. communicate rule of faith
5. confirmeed by athanasius in 367
east has church and state combined
west was growing seperately with a leader growing in power
eastern council declared Bishop of constantinople equal to rome
Shift from theological interests to power interests, Pope Leo the 1st
452 Pope Leo comes to the aid of the Emporer and saved Rome from Attila the Hun
455 Pope Leo negotiates with invading Vandal army.
Assumed the title 'Pontifex Maximus' - high priest throughout the empire. Same as constantine and caesars of rome
Gregory the Great (590-604)
Not a bad pope
Cared for the poor, genuinely concerned for the spiritual condition of the people
Wrote 'pastoral rule'
Sent missionaries, including england.
Introduced penance, prayer to saints, relics, purgatory, eucharist not official till 1215, adoration of Mary, use of vestments.
Political and spiritual leader.
The pope politically on the level of kings
Monasticism
Scriptoriums, translating.
Withdrawal is a criticism.
Monks were missionaries
When we come up against something we don't like, we either fight or flee.
'White matyrs'
4th and 5th century monasticism movement swelled.
Important places of study, became educators and scholars. Became the first schools, hospitals, welfare system where societies didn't have one.
Benedictine, 529 - 'rule'
prons and corns: social justice, education, healing, scientific discoveries, preserve the scriptures but lifestyle was very difficult, tables given in class
• Charles Martel and what did he do?
o King of France
o If it wasn’t from him, he stopped the spread Islam
o Otherwise, Europe would be Islam
o Defeat infidels
o Grandson was Charlemagne
o He was called the ‘Hammer”.
o Stopping it
o Because of Charles Martel Europe isn’t Muslim and because of Charlemagne it is Christian.
• Charlemagne
o Grandson
o Cut off heads of 4000 people because they weren’t Christian.
o 768, King of France
o Killed thousands, enforced Christianity
o Spreading Christianity
o Crowned Roman emperor of Christian Europe by the Pope Leo 3rd
o Work with him to keep the Muslims out of Europe
o Set up a system of administration 'missi dominici' usually a bishop and a lay noble, church and state working together
o Set up schools in monastaries had to learn singing, arithmatic and grammar.
o Established currency and weights, brought europe out of the dark ages.
Eastern Orthodoxy
15 distinct churches mostly in eastern europe (eg russia, greece, macedonia, ukraine)
Icons - crucial
in churches and homes
Image is crucial: made is made in the image of God; he carries the icon of God withinhimself
Kind of like a portal.. A manifestation... It's not worshipped.
The Crusades
A series of wars across 200 years
1095-1291
Crusade - "taking the cross"
Shameful atrocities and suffering
Causes:
11th cent - seljuk turks / extreme muslims persecuting pilgrims; seized jerusalem from fellow peaceable muslims
* eastern emporer losing territory
Goals:
*win holy land back
*check the advance of islam and help eastern emporer
*ensure safety of christian pilgrims
*help breach the growing gap between east and west
*rescue jerusalem
Pope Urban II declared the first crusade
Possibly the most influential speech of the time
He inspired the crowd
"Take up their cross (sword)" because:
Alleged atrocities of the muslims
God wills it!
Rewards; spiritual and physical
Included nobles and peasants
1099 won back the holy city
The only 'successful' crusade
Atrocities againsts muslims and jews
70,000 muslims killed in the city, jews rounded up and burned in the synagogues
Rulership was also poor
- 2nd crusade
Difficult to defend from europe
*1147 called by Bernard of clairvaux, french mystic
*Led by king of france and germany
*No great victory
*2 years of fighting
- 3rd crusade
1187 Saladin retook jerusalem
1189 kings of germany, france and england, tried again.
Saladin - noble character... Tried to negotiate and avoid combat. Gave a horse to king richard when his horse fell in battle. Gave fruit and his doctor when richard was sick. Both tried to negotiate peace by offering their sisters in marriage.
Finally 3yr truce - access to Jerusalem for christian pilgrims
*not a victory though - cruasaders wanted to reconquer the whole land
- saladins deathbed quotes to his son.. Powerful and sounded very christian. Be a servant leader, don't shed blood, win the hearts of men with kindness and gentleness.
- 4th crusade
1202 by pope Innocent III
Mercenaries never reached Jerusalem
Ran out of money to pay for shipping costs
Attacked and sacked Zara
Pope excommunicated them
Attacked and plundered constantinople to pay for debts now owed dandelo in venice
No muslims died, only christians
Set up a latin empire
Plundered the church, wealth removed to venice
Didn't bother with Jerusalem
Lasted until 1261
Gap was further widened between east and west
- the childrens crusade
Thousands of children
1212 - 20,000-30,000 (led by Stephen of Cloyes).
En route they were betrayed and sold into slavery
Another 20,000 from germany (led by Nicholas) could not find transport in italy
- the fifth crusade
Hungarian king Andrew
Stalemate, 8yr truce signed
- sixth crusade
1229 frederick II, (emporer of germany anf italy) spoke six languages, excommunicated, secured jerusalem by diplomacy
- seventh crusade
Louis IX of france attacked Egypt in 1249, captured and ransomed
Edward of England - no lasting victory
1291 - islam took acre, last christian stronghold in the holy land
-----
Results:
Original goals never achieved.
Impact on trade, industry and culture
Architecture
Medicine
Education
Economy
Copied and learned new skills from the muslims, like glass making and combat. Cotton clothes, sugar in food.
The church - initially held with prestige but declined. Christian beliefs weakened by failures
Muslim attitude changed and became intolerant of diveristy
-
- Reformation
Background to the reformation
Pre-reformation reformers
Factors leading to the reformation
Immorality
Luxury
Political ambition (wanted wealth, power, titles and land)
Babylonian captivity of the papacy (1309-1377) (pope moved to france)., papal schism (1378-1417) (multiple popes in italy).
Renaissance and worldliness of the church
Other abuses of the clergy (buying and selling their positions)
Taxes
1517 Martin Luther protested
More books written on Luther than anyone else
Begin forwarded message:
Qualities of a reformer
5 qualities
Unshakeably strong convictions
Willing to discuss it
Resist intimidation
Be prepared for opposition
Wasn't afraid
Very articulate and calm, emotions under control yet passionate
Courage for justice and truth
Revelation about what you're reforming, what is the point or goal
The revelation is not just for yourself, can't be lazy
-
What would you be unwilling to recant in your vision of the church that you see.
The church that I see... Is like a warm hug. It's a family in the truest, purist sense, even though the people are broken, their Godly love takes relationship to a new level, where all are accepted and loved, where everyone knows someone and is loved by them, and no one is isolated.
Western theology
Legalistic style thinking
Salvation - payment/justification
Peter/papacy - jurisdictional law
Eastern theology
Incarnation of God and re-creation of man
Sin reduces man divine likeness
Salvation = restoration of full divine image
Rebirth, re-creation, trans-figuration
-
• Crusades – results
o Positive: weapons, trade, art, economy, we learn what not to do
o Negative:
• Reformation – who are the key people? What was accomplished?
o Key people: Mystics, Wycliff, Luther(justification by faith) , Calvin (sovereignity of God) , zginly – (What did they believe)?
o 90 out of the 95 thesis were adopted by catholic church
o protestant church is formed
o Bible translated into German
o Laws change
o Justification by faith
o Read to Bible for yourself
o Indulgences: buying favours in the church
o Corruption
o Why did the reformation began? Some of the teachings, trying to fund st-peter’s basilica.
o What causes it?
o What was the outcome?
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